The application research of zirconia refractory materials in refractories and ceramic materials focuses on the phase change toughening mechanism, the study of mechanical properties at room temperature and high temperature, the friction and wear mechanism and the practical application of zirconia ceramics.

在过去的十年中，许多学者研究了在基质基质中使用少量变化和微裂纹，以增强难治材料。电脑克劳森指出，ZRO2颗粒越细，四方相→单斜相变的温度越低。它通常从约1000°C甚至绝对零下降到室温以下。当四方ZRO2转换为单斜ZRO2时，由于体积的变化，许多微裂纹小于临界大小，在转化后的颗粒周围形成。在负切割作用下，这些微裂缝是不可育的，因此材料强度不会降低。当大裂纹在负面切割的作用下扩展并遇到这些裂缝时，将引起新的相变，并且会偏向于吸收能量的扩展裂纹，从而达到坚韧的效果。

For the surface of the sintered body, because there is no matrix constraint, the tetragonal ZrO2 is easily transformed into monoclinic ZrO2, and the internal tetragonal crystal form maintains a metastable state due to the pressure from all aspects of the matrix, so the surface produces volume expansion, which causes the surface to form pressure. Stress plays a role in surface strengthening.

氧化锆中空球砖的生产方法与氧化铝空心球的生产方法相同，但其熔化温度较高，达到2700℃或更多。现在，中国广泛使用CAO作为稳定剂。氧化锆空心球体完全由氧化锆空心球制成，具有良好的高温强度和稳定的孔结构。它们被用作炉盖盖和超高温度设备的其他部分的绝缘材料，例如中间频率高温炉，碳黑色反应堆，钨棒炉，钼炉等。

目前，世界上大多数钢铁产品都是由连续铸造技术生产的，因此用于大小喷嘴的难治性材料的使用寿命和性能非常关键。电脑氧化锆大小的喷嘴广泛用于小正方形破碎的连续铸造中。喷嘴的性能直接影响连续铸造时间的长度。尺寸的喷嘴是钢厂铸造方坯时采用的滑动喷嘴设备中的喷嘴砖。从构想到工业化的滑动喷嘴设备花了将近80年的时间。最重要的原因是材料不够好。它与塞子系统具有显着的比较优势。锆石喷嘴对熔融钢和熔融炉灶具有良好的耐腐蚀性。通常，较高的纯度锆石，CAO稳定的ZRO2和工业锆石用于制作喷嘴。

The most critical part of the sliding nozzle device is the slide brick and the nozzle brick embedded in it. In the device, there are usually upper and lower slide bricks and upper and lower nozzle bricks. When the upper and lower nozzle bricks overlap, the casting starts, and the upper nozzle brick is installed at the bottom of the ladle. The upper slide brick is not moving, and the drain brick and the lower slide brick slide to achieve angle control. The upper nozzle brick is soaked in molten steel for a long time, and it is relatively unsuitable to be replaced, which has high requirements for products and a long life expectancy. The key to the spout is to control the speed and quality of steel pouring, and the life expectancy is low. The life of the spout brick can reach 8h or longer.

ZRO2是一种薄膜材料，已经开发了多年，并包含广泛的用途。由于它具有出色的耐热性，隔热性能，光学性能，电特性，机械性能和化学稳定性，因此可以用作热屏障涂层，绝缘，耐耐磨性和耐腐蚀性涂层。它可以广泛用于航空航天，铁和钢制冶金，机械制造，光学，电力和其他田地，并且前景非常广泛。从目前的数据来看，外国（尤其是美国，英国和其他国家）在该领域的早期开始，并取得了某些结果。早在1970年代，国家航空航天局（NASA）就开始研究Y2O3使用电子束蒸发，空气等离子体喷涂和血浆辅助物理蒸气沉积的Y2O3稳定ZRO2 ZRO2陶瓷热屏障涂层。

Over the years, researchers from IBM companies in the United States have conducted various studies on the deposition of ZrO2 film by sputtering. They have deposited ZrO2 film by magnetron sputtering and radio frequency sputtering processes, and developed a new type of high-speed reactive magnetron sputtering equipment. The deposition rate is improved, and the target material is saved. The United States has also done a lot of research on Al2O3 and ZrO2 films with ion-assisted deposition and multi-arc ion plating. The United Kingdom and Japan have studied ZrO2 thin films as thermal barrier coatings. As an optical film, it can be used for laser mirrors, high refractive index mirrors, and broadband interference filters.

日本的Asahi Glass Company成功地开发了一个含有94％-95％氧化锆的锆难治性，并将其在玻璃窑的顶部和关键部分中使用，电脑从而大大改善了玻璃窑的寿命。氧化锆被用作大玻璃窑的关键部分的难治材料。电脑在早期，使用了锆折磨。氧化锆的含量仅为33％〜35％。氧化锆被融化并吹来，以获得不同大小的空心锆球。，准备各种高级绝缘砖，以避免陶瓷纤维衰老后的灰尘污染问题。